| Egyptian Journal of Archeological and Restoration Studies

Authors:
Sidikova, M. ¹ & Emam, M. <sup>2

1</sup> History & Cultural Heritage department, Faculty of Archaeology, Silk Road Int. Uni. of Tourism and Cultural Heritage, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
² History & Cultural Heritage department, Faculty of Archaeology, Silk Road IUTCH, Samarkand, Uzbekistan & Islamic Archaeology dept., Faculty of Archaeology, Ain Shams Univ., Cairo, Egypt.

Abstract:
This paper examines the classification of Samarkand’s hammams from both functional and architectural perspectives, drawing on historical sources and archaeological evidence. These hammams were not merely hygienic facilities but also played essential roles in medical treatment, climate adaptation, and religious and social practices. Historical texts, including Chahar Maqala, Baburname, The Twenty-Eighth Assembly of Samarkand, and other travel accounts, describe their therapeutic properties, structural adaptations to extreme weather, and significance as spaces for communal and religious activities. Archaeological findings, such as herbal remains and architectural elements, further validate these functions. Architecturally, Samarkand’s hammams evolved in response to urban and cultural needs. Early medieval hammams (9th–13th centuries) were smaller, often integrated within neighborhoods, featuring simple layouts with underfloor heating. In contrast, Timurid-period hammams (14th-16th centuries) were more elaborate, following a standardized design with domed chambers, decorative elements, and spatial organization reflecting their multifunctionality. Located near madrasas, marketplaces, and palace complexes, these structures became significant urban landmarks, which left their influence on the later hammams in Samarkand city. Despite extensive historical documentation, the architectural evolution of pre-Timurid hammams remains less understood due to limited surviving structures. By analyzing existing archaeological evidence alongside textual sources, this study reconstructs the development of hammams in medieval Samarkand, offering insights into their changing architectural and social roles over time. The findings contribute to broader discussions on Central Asian urban infrastructure and architectural heritage.

Keywords:
Central Asia Samarkand hammams, Architecture Timurid Post Timurid

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